They replace textbooks in my class. PDF lyric sheet for print and distribution to you. A chart for students to compare the Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilizations in the categories of: geography, food supply, social structure, government, religion, arts, writing, technology . This is a complete 4 + week, no-prep unit on the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas, with information on the Zapotec and Olmec included. I tend to have students fill this out with a partner.A brief answer chart is included, but answers will vary.Multiple Editable Formats: I have it in multiple formats so you can utilize a version that works for your classroom (PDF, Microsoft, This download includes PART 3 of the unit described belowCan be taught together or as separate lessons***Free graphic organizers included (guided notes for all 5 parts in MS WORD and PDF, and compare/contrast graphic organizer for Maya/Inca/Aztec lessons)***PART 1 - Intro (20 slides), including: outline, standards, warm-ups, maps, worksheets, geography, links to YouTube videos, word sorts with answers, key terms with definitions, map sorting activity, S.W.A.T. America However, there are some similarities between them as well. Summary Aztec vs. Maya vs. Inca vs. Olmec, 179+ Names Without Vowels With Meanings [All Categories], 1,000+ Twin Names With Meanings [All Categories], 457+ Triplet Names With Meanings [All Categories]. 1526-Civil war between the Inca leaders Waskar and Atahualpa. Maya Architecture<br />The Maya built towering temples and elaborate palaces<br />Atop the temples, priests performed religious ceremonies and sacrifices while people watched from the plazas below<br />Ceremonial platforms, temples, pyramids, observatories, ball courts all built by the Maya<br /> Also included in:Americas Unit Bundle - Aztec, Olmec, Maya, Inca, Inuit, Iroquois, & More! Reform-minded aristocrats made major changes in the society and politics of early Athens. American olmec aztec maya, inca comparison charthow does khalil explain thug life. Addresses the, The Olmec DIGITAL Escape Room will take students on a secret mission through two 360 VIEW rooms! What do Aztec, Maya, and Inca . . O R & Today it has a population of almost 9 million people (definitely big enough to be a "city") and is the capital of Mexico (definitely part of the North American continent). Students will analyze the readings to determine theme, foreshadowing, mood, and word meanings. Students will learn about the Maya civilization and its rise and mysterious unsolved collapse through a crime scene investigation case file activity that encourages historical thinking!A visually, Mesoamerica Reading Comprehension Passages - Questions - Annotations, Medieval Times Curriculum Medieval Europe Middle Ages Activities Reading Project, The Olmec: Mesoamerica: Reading Passages + Comprehension Activities, Olmecs, Aztecs & Mayans: 3 Lesson Mini Unit Bundle: Reading Passages, Activities, Mesoamerica Interactive Notebook Worksheets Maya - Aztec - Inca Middle Ages, Medieval Times Middle Ages Interactive Notebooks - Europe History Activities, Olmec ESCAPE ROOM - Reading and Puzzles - Ancient Civilizations. THE PACKAGE INCLUDES: Questions & Answer Keys for Each of the 5 Reading Passages! Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Although the Postclassic has become virtually synonymous with Aztec rule, central Mexico was Toltec domain from A.D. 950 to 1200, with their influence spread throughout central and eastern Mexico . So we did our research and founded this harbor for curious minds for you. At their peak, they were the largest empire in the world. Music and dance were important features of their events. 600 BC - Large buildings are built in the city of El Mirador. To quickly sum up, the Maya were first but learned a lot from the Olmecs, who started 1,200 years later. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. All you have to do is share the link with your students!! Aztecs were also religious; they built huge temples and pyramids for their gods. Students may use this chart or fold a large sheet of construction paper to take bulleted notes on Location, Land, Trade, Roles of People, Religion, Art, Architecture, and Achievements. Whats Included? 4 Reading Passages 4 Puzzle Phrases to Decode 4 Decoders 4 Differentiated Decoders 10 Mul, Teach about the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations by exploring Mesoamerica and South America! window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); Punctures: 30+ Autor de la entrada: Publicacin de la entrada: junio 16, 2022 Categora de la entrada: st luke's hospital nyc visiting hours Comentarios de la entrada: the doubt of future foes sparknotes the doubt of future foes sparknotes Subsequent civilizations - the Maya, Toltecs, and Aztecs - derive their culture, religious practices, art and architecture knowledge from the Olmecs. Aztec When comparing the ancient cultures of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, and Olmec, there are some significant differences. Some filters moved to Formats filters, which is at the top of the page. From late night till the end of the ninth century, something terrible happened to the Maya civilization, which shook it completely. Endothermic vs. Exothermic: Whats The Difference Between Endothermic And Exothermic? Students compare and contrast the three empires--Maya, Aztec, Inca--in a chart, including UNIQUE features of each empire, a detailed drawing of at least 3 details of each empire, and similarities of all 3 empires. Whether its Aztec or Inca, or Maya, all of these had full control of massive empires that ceased to exist. Simple: We needed one place where you can find all information, news, articles, comparisons, reviews, top charts, and much more in one place. The Aztec were located in central Mexico, while the Maya were located in southern Mexico and parts of Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. stanford beach volleyball. The set includes readings on the Olmec, the Chavin, Teotihuacan, the Mayans, the Toltec, the Aztec, and the Inca. Incas are well known due to their founding of the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian America. . They occupied the Gulf of Mexico part of todays Veracruz and Tabasco states in Mexico, appearing around 1500 BCE and survived until around 400 BCE. November 22, 2019 by Pascal Lachance | 1 Comment. Browse maya aztec inca graphic organizer resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Jouney of the Aztecs. The Olmec culture flourished along Mexico's gulf coast from 1200 to 400 B.C. Discover the monumental pyramids and mountain cities of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec people. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Mayan people still exist today and still use farming techniques left by their ancestors, women dress in traditional clothes and their Christian religion practices overlays with Mayan deities. The religion of the Olmec affected the people in the civilization. Working in pairs, students are assigned either one of the main central/southern, Native Americans UNIT BUNDLE with BONUS Activities, Maya, Aztec, & Inca Note Chart and Venn Diagram (with Visual Answer Key! Significant Events in the Americas and Europe 600 - 1800 CE. Their cities were filled with grand temples and palaces. Students will research and analyze documents to determine the characteristics and elements of civilization from the Ancient Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs. The Inca people were known for their engineering abilities. The non-fiction reading passage in digital format is delivered through Google Forms but a printable copy is inside as well!Topics include: The Olmec, Mexico, artwork, diet, trade and contributions.Simply share the link provided, have your students complete the reading and questions, and open the responses to see their score. The three most dominant and advanced civilizations that developed in the Americas prior to the arrival of the Europeans were the Aztecs, the Maya, and the Inca. But, right after the civil war, the final Spa Inca of the Inca Empire was caught and executed by conquistador Franciso Pizzaro. They were able to track the movements of planets and stars. The Olmec might have been the first people to figure out how to convert latex of the . Incas did not have any advanced weaponry system, which became one of the causes of their fall. NOW WITH LINKS TO A GOOGLE CLASSROOM PRODUCT FOR CLASSROOM SUBMISSIONS!This is a 1 page reading plus 1 page of questions. The Mayan calendar was very advanced, it had a year of three . It summarizes their location, discusses the mystery surrounding the people, it gives information on the massive Olmec Heads, and their religion. This was designed to help students gain context of the indigenous groups that existed prior to European's arrival in North, Central, and South America. lisa pera wikipedia. Also included in:Americas Unit Bundle - Aztec, Olmec, Maya, Inca, Inuit, Iroquois, & More! When it comes to their economy, the Aztec were a agricultural people who also traded goods with other civilizations. var ins = document.createElement('ins'); Aztec and Maya empires were located in Mesoamerica, while Inca, along with the Andes mountain range. The first is a one-page reading that covers the basic information about the Olmecs. The first such city was discovered in Nakbe, in the Peten province of Guatemala, dating back to around 750 BCE. Acetal vs. Hemiacetal: Whats The Difference Between Hemiacetal and Acetal? 1200-The Olmec civilization springs from the grouping of ancient villages along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Monumental sculptures were the favorite of Aztecs; they built statutes. Hypoxia vs. Hypoxemia: Whats The Difference Between Hypoxia And Hypoxemia? So the Olmecs were the first major Mesoamerican culture, despite being younger than the Mayans. In the center of the city, you can still view what remains of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, the Aztec cities . How do you use this product? $$j &`#$/ If a$gdcX_ kd $$If l r h#/\: 3 Students will complete an engaging webquest to research the civilizations of the Aztec, Inca, and Maya. Great self-checking reading comprehension activity for distance learning or computer day.Topics include: The Olmec, Mexico, artwork, diet, trade and contributions.Whats Included? 2 Page Reading Passage 16 Questions Teacher Directions Student DirectionsWhat types of questions are used? The classic Maya built many of their temples and palaces in a stepped pyramid shape, decorating them with elaborate reliefs and inscriptions. When comparing the ancient cultures of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, and Olmec, there are some significant differences. F G $$j &`#$/ If a$gdcX_ G H I T U A . The Maya invented the most sophisticated writing system of the time, the logosyllabic script. Since rare archeological pieces of evidence have been found about their true origins, the Olmecs remains a mysterious civilization with many mysteries waiting to be discovered. Its THAT easy! The reading is visually appealing and broken into chunks. Archaeologists still don't know a lot about the Olmecs. Due to their location, the Incas faced many physical obstacles, like high mountains, raging rivers, and tropical forests. Save yourself the hassle of visiting this site for new updates; enter your email address here to automatically receive notifications! Maximum Speed: 82.6km/h var ffid = 2; Early US History. Aztec Maya Inca Location Central America, Mexico Central America South America, along the Andes Time Periods 1200 to 1521 400BC-1517AD Height: 200-900AD 1200-1572AD Capital Tenochtitlan Tikal, Chichen Itza, Copan, Palenque, Mayapan Cuzco Economy Farming (corn, beans, tomatoes, squash) - chinampas Farming (corn, beans, squash) Glyphs The Maya civilization was one of the most advanced cultures of its time. It comprises Southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and the Western portion of El Salvador and Honduras. A more detailed description of each can be found with the individual product. They built roads and bridges that allowed them to connect their vast empire. Students are told they are time traveling and need to explain the three civilizations to the modern world, compare and contrast them, and explain who is their favorite civilization they visited. The Olmecs were the first to practice a ritual of self-cutting and piercing of individuals and play the Mesoamerican ballgame, a feature of many archeological sites we visited. Aztec Timeline. No-Prep! The lesson includes a plan, readings on all three groups, and photos for differentiation. The mysterious Olmec civilization prospered in the Pre-Classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE and is considered the forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures, like the Aztecs and the Mayans. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. The Olmec people were known for their art, especially their sculptures. Inca also shows their technological skills in agriculture. Social Studies Full-Year Curriculum BUNDLE (4th & 5th Grade). EDT vs EST: Whats The Difference Between EDT And EST? The Maya and Aztec people built pyramids. Students will read about how and why the Olmec came to settle where they did; how they began to flourish as a civilization; and the influence they had on the Mayan Empire. Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 600-1500. Lets take a closer look at Aztec vs. Inca vs. Maya Aztec, Inca, Maya Grade Level: 5 Presented by: Laura Eberle and Sherri Milton, Coronado Village Elementary, San Antonio, Texas Special Thanks to: Murray Mux,, Serna Elementary, San Antonio, Texas Chris Gonzalez, Coronado Village Elementary Length of Unit: 20 days I. ABSTRACT This is a unit written for fifth grade on the Maya, Aztec and Inca . The Maya were also an agricultural people but relied heavily on trade as well. Aztec, Maya, Inca, Olmec Comparison Chart Fill in the blank spaces as you read the passage on the other side. Americas including the Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, and North American tribes. t 6`j 0 :6 4 4 The Inca had a more complex economy that was based on agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. $$j &`#$/ If a$gdcX_ kd $$If l r h#/\: 3 Our most famous ancient city is probably Mexico City itself. t 6`j 0 :6 4 4 $$j &`#$/ If a$gdcX_ kd $$If l r h#/\: 3 The Olmec, Mayan, Incan, and Aztec civilizations are some of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, and yet we know very little about them compared to other parts of the world. The Maya, Inca, and Aztecs built great civilizations in Mexico and in Central and South America between 1,800 and 500 years ago. The Olmec were located in the gulf coast region of Mexico. They built roads and bridges across their vast empire. Reading Strategies Inca Empire. Then, students use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the 3 civilizations. Aztecs showed up in Mesoamerica at the beginning of the 13 th century. Mayans were master cultivators using a system called the milpa, meaning maize field. They worship their God, known as Sun God.. The first of these was the Maya civilization. Longest time without seeing a traffic light: 85 days The Olmecs built the first civilization in the Americas. Inca vs. Aztec vs. Maya: Inca, Aztec, and Maya are three old civilizations famous in history. The Aztec civilization was next. Americas Unit Bundle - Aztec, Olmec, Maya, Inca, Inuit, Iroquois, & More! {Digital & Print} Mesoamerica Civilizations (Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca Empires) Interactive Social Studies Notebook! It flourished from about 1000 BCE to 1500 CE. Aztecs were also known as Tenocha or the Mexica. kd $$If l r h#/\: 3 This meant giving a miss to a bunch of superb sites located in Calakmul National Park where many beautiful ruins are located in the middle of the jungle. Longest day (in kms): 200kms var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); The Incas were known for their engineering abilities. The priest's duty was to advise the correct days to plant, wage war or anything. They also art courtyard all different subjects, most famous were animals, plants and Gods. Sources / References:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamericahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmecshttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-americas/a/the-olmec-articlehttps://www.ancient.eu/Olmec_Civilization/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilizationhttps://www.ancient.eu/Maya_Civilization/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maya-peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltechttps://www.ancient.eu/Toltec_Civilization/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs, Categories: Adventure, Americas, Archeological Sites, Aztec, Cycle-touring, Cycling, Cycling journey, History, Maya, Mexico, Olmec, South Americas, Toltec | This diagram serves as a reference for expertise when examining what makes the Maya, Aztecs and Incas very simlar while also very different. Writing . 2017 Sophia Kang Dalat US History. But they also shared some similarities, such as their social hierarchies and their engagement in trade. This is a collection of my 3 lesson mini unit on the Olmecs, Aztecs and Mayans. Drag the mouse or keypad to move the screen for a 360 view! I also have a timeline project and a video guide; however, students would need access to the Internet to complete those to activities.This bundle was created for distance learning. This assignment can be used as classwork or homework. Ancient Civilizations Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca - created at http://goanimate4schools.com/ By July 1, 2022 fatal car accident macomb county July 1, 2022 fatal car accident macomb county The main difference between Aztec and Olmec is that Aztec was an empire located in central Mexico while Olmec was one of the earliest cultures located in the gulf coast region of Mexico. The Aztec believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses including the sun god Tonatiuh, the rain god Tlaloc, the maize god Centeotl, and the goddess of love and beauty Xochiquetzal. olmec aztec maya, inca comparison chart. And they will have a blas, This unit covers the migration theories and goes over the major pre-Colombian Civilizations. It rose to power in the 1400s CE and ruled until the 1500s CE. Maya had city-states and was not united politically. This song is included on our COMPILATION ALBUM Olmecs Called "Cult of the Jaguar" City state government that united for religious celebrations under the authority of a Priest/shaman Dirt and clay pyramids used for political power and religious ceremonies Colossal Heads http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY: 1/27/2012 2 Your students will try to crack the greatest mystery of Mesoamerican history with this engaging and educational investigation activity! 1519 - Spanish invaders land in Mexico 1521 - Emperor Montezuma II killed. Early American Civilizations. They also have great achievements in arts, like paintings and building an array of structures. For example, they all had complex social hierarchies, with a ruler at the top and different classes of people below. It ruled much of the region from the 1400s until the Spanish arrived in 1519. They each had their own unique cultures, religions, economies, and political systems. Students also viewed Ida Tarbell - Lecture notes 1 Middle Class Women and their organisations Students will read a non-fiction passage and answer questions. Their building was in uniform with massive imperial structures. Greece, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs. Mayan But before getting into the visits themselves, I think its worth explaining the complex and sometimes misunderstood civilizations and cultures that populated Mesoamerica, a region compromising central Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador Honduras, Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica over the last thousands of years. Their most famous legacy is the mystery of the Olmec heads: 3-meter tall heads resembling African warriors made from stone found over 130 kilometers away. This document contains different charts for students to compare and contrast the Aztecs, Maya, and Inca civilizations using the PERSIA or GRAPES acronym. 52 Glencoe World History Name Date Class Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter . I have included the Ohio Content Standards and You Tube Videos. The Olmec, Mayan, Incan, and Aztec civilizations are some of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, and yet we know very little about them compared to other parts of the world. Many human and animal graves with bones were discovered during the numerous excavations done over the years. Questions are. By the time Hernan Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico and conquered the region, the Aztecs had a rich and complex mythological and religious tradition with more than 200 deities and their art speaks for itself. . The Aztec people were known for their art, architecture, and craftsmanship. These materials include quick reads (1 page readings) on the Olmec, Maya Aztec, Aztec poetry, and the, This product is a seven page reading on the first Americans. Research: Use the content in this course and the websites provided to research the developments in politics, society, economics, and culture in the Aztec and Inca civilizations. The Aztec were known for their Farming, Architecture, Art, and Astronomy. They were all great civilizations with unique cultures, art, architecture, and religions. This assignment can be used in class, as homework, or for distance learning. t 6`j 0 :6 4 4 Reading and lit, NOW WITH LINKS TO GOOGLE CLASSROOM PRODUCTS FOR CLASSROOM SUBMISSIONS!This set of 10 pages of readings plus 10 pages of questions chronicles the history of Latin America. More photos in the Mexico, Guatemala and Belize photo galleries. Aztec Maya Inca Olmec Location South-Central Mexico, near the Gulf Coast Time Periods Capital/Major Centers Tikal, Chichen Itza, Copan, Palenque, Mayapan Cuzco San Lorenzo, La Venta and Laguna de los Cerros Economy Maya was very advanced and had a great knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. There was an independent ruler for each city-state. Q. Subsequent civilizations the Maya, Toltecs, and Aztecs derive their culture, religious practices, art and architecture knowledge from the Olmecs. They provide a brief summary of every concept in a standard. The Aztec civilization was located in central Mexico. This is designed for middle school or high school students. The Maya people were known for their art, architecture, and astronomical knowledge. They are also thought to be the culture that introduced the concept of zero to the world. Throughout the readings, students will complete comprehension questions to determine their level of understanding. The Maya civilization was after the Aztec civilization. The Aztecs were also known for their art and architecture. They were a powerful empire with a strong military and political system. Their capital city was Tenochtitlan, which was one of the largest cities in the world at that time. Startling Similarity between Hindu Flood Legend of Manu and the Biblical Account of Noah, Sacrifice of Maya boy and man may have reenacted birth of sun and moon, 1,000 Mayan Codices Discovered in Museum Basement, Sierra de la Plata: The Inca Legend of the Silver Mountain. The Maya civilization was located in southern Mexico, as well as parts of Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The architecture of the Inca consists of natural beauty and an amazing mixture of geometrical and natural forms. The name Olmec is a Nahuatlthe Aztec languageword; it means the rubber people. review game, mini-quiz and much mor, Your students will explore the three dominant pre-Columbian cultures of Central and South America with this fun activity. The Aztec Empire was located in central Mexico. 700 BC - Mayan writing first starts to develop. review game, mini-quiz and much mor. and lasted about 1,000 years, occupying a reasonably large amount of land. Includes:Reading passage for the Olmec.If you enjoyed this reading, you can find the rest of my Mesoamerica unit here:Mesoamerica (Olmec, Aztec, Maya, and Inca) - Readings, Chart, Map, and TestMesoamerica (Olmec, Aztec, Maya, and Inca) - Classroom TimelineMesoamerica (Olmec, Aztec, Maya and Inca) - Primary SourcesAddresses the following skills . They participate in different art activities like dancing, music, and poetry. Their differences in religion made Maya, Aztec, and Inca have different calendars. The Maya had city-states that were each ruled by their own ruler. There are three brochures on each unit. They include the Olmecs; the Aztecs and the Mayans. 32 pages each. End of Aztec Empire The Inca (1200 - 1532 AD) They were located in the gulf coast region of Mexico. Also included in:Latin America Unit Bundle (Geography), Also included in:Native Americans UNIT BUNDLE with BONUS Activities. container.appendChild(ins); Compare and contrast the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan societies, include: religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology Olmec Mayan Aztec Inca TIME PERIOD AND LOCATION (ENVIRONME NT) (Past a small map) RELIGION Polytheist nature, astronomy and rituals Politics Hierarchical society hierarchical ECONOMY Center: San This civilization I knew for its hierological script. They were a highly advanced culture with their own written language and calendar system. This activity covers two - three days depending on the closure activity the teacher chooses.Your students will love taking a break from the same old lesson! This reading includes pictures and 24 questions. The Olmecs is thought to have worshipped a pantheon of gods and goddesses including the jaguar god, the raingod, the maize god, and the sun god. davenport funeral home crystal lake, il obituaries Q. The Olmecs are thought to have had an economy that was based on agriculture and trade. A harbor for curious minds. And the Inca arose in the 12th century, comprising an empire in the Andes mountain range of South America.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'difference101_com-box-4','ezslot_2',172,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-difference101_com-box-4-0'); Alex Stantor is a Sorbonne University (Paris, France) graduate in Philosophy and Data Analysis. Both the Inca and the Maya developed their own language and religion that everyone had to learn. Rimfire vs. Centerfire: What Is The Difference Between Rimfire And Centerfire? Diploid vs. Haploid: Whats The Difference Between Diploid And Haploid? Our route would take us to the Yucatan peninsula, passing through Merida, leave Mexico at Chetumal before entering Belize. But the difference between Maya and Aztecs and Incas is that the Incas arose in the 12th century and built an empire in the mountain range of South America. Pisistratus 2. Each civilization also had different gods and goddesses that they worshipped. For the Aztecs, death was instrumental in the continuation of life hence human sacrifices were omnipresent in their culture. The Olmec Civilization was one of the most influential ancient civilizations of the early Americas, and though its dominance of the region faded in the last centuries before the Common Era, the Olmec civilization is commonly thought to be the "mother culture" of many other cultures that appeared in the region in later years. Also included in:Medieval Times Curriculum Medieval Europe Middle Ages Activities Reading Project, Also included in:Olmecs, Aztecs & Mayans: 3 Lesson Mini Unit Bundle: Reading Passages, Activities, Also included in:Medieval Times Middle Ages Interactive Notebooks - Europe History Activities. These materials include quick reads (1 page readings) on the Olmec, Maya Aztec, Aztec poetry, and the, This upbeat and informative song by EdTunes, compares and contrasts the great post-classical civilizations of North and South America prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus.
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