innovation: 'fold over, bend'), (Eg., Sem. You guys might disagree with the results form the Shum Laka paper but don't distort their own interpretations of their findings. p-Central Chadic [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies. [7] Nevertheless, both dictionaries agree on some items and some proposed cognates are uncontroversial. p-Lower Cross River p-Igboid [95], "Afro-Asiatic" redirects here. Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. [152], A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic "templates" are placed. [105], Restrictions against the co-occurrence of certain, usually similar, consonants in verbal roots can be found in all Afroasiatic branches, though they are only weakly attested in Chadic and Omotic. innovation: addition of *t n. [6], Scholars generally consider Afroasiatic to have at least five and as many as eight separate branches, with the five universally agreed upon branches consisting of the Berber (also called "Libyco-Berber"), Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. Linguistic guesstimates or phylogenetic speculation date the proto-language (and thus the homeland) within a wide range, from 15,000 to 6,000 years ago. Root Structure Patterning in Proto . [173] While some scholars posit an AA origin for this form, it is possible that the Berber and Cushitic forms are independent developments,[130] as they show significant differences from the Egyptian and Semitic forms. Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). [138][177] Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases. [34] Cushitic does not appear to be related to the attested ancient languages known from its area, Meroitic or Old Nubian. shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of'), (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. [14], The term Semitic had already been coined in 1781 by August Ludwig von Schlzer, following an earlier suggestion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710. [17] The name refers to the fact that this is the only major language family with members in both Africa and Asia. [71] In the end, Meinhof's classification included languages from every family in Africa that is recognized by modern linguistics. [188] Andrzej Zaborski further notes that the numbers "one," "two," and "five" are particularly susceptible to replacement by new words, with "five" often based on a word meaning "hand". of proto-Afroasiatic cultivation. Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *abaw/y- Meaning: a k. of plant Semitic: *abVw- 'reed, papyrus' Egyptian: wb 'root', cf. [40] Scholars have proposed locations both in the Middle East and in Africa. Oko [76] It may have originally mostly biconsonantal, to which various affixes (verbal extensions) were then added and lexicalized. [156] It is unclear whether this system is a common AA trait;[157] the Chadic examples, for instance, show signs of originally deriving from affixes, which could explain the origins of the alterations in other languages as well. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago (12 to 18 kya ), that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. [121], As part of these templates, the alternation (apophony) between high vowels (e.g. [101][a] The emphatic consonants are typically formed deeper in the throat than the others;[99] they can be realized variously as glottalized, pharyngealized, uvularized, ejective, and/or implosive consonants in the different branches. [144], A second category, which partially overlaps with case, is the AA linguistic category of "state." *iw- 'cow') (Eg., Sem. suff. The Atlas of Languages. Allan Bomhard's own reconstructions of Proto-Afroasiatic roots (and phonology) seem to be biased toward Proto-Indo-European and Nostratic roots . Thanks for viewing our Ebay listing! Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. p-Fali Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. i, u) and a low vowel (a) in verbal forms is usually described as one of the main characteristics of AA languages: this change codes a variety of different functions. [75] Proponents of an African origin of Afroasiatic assume the proto-language to have been spoken by pre-Neolithic African hunter-gatherers,[76] arguing that there is no evidence of words in Proto-Afroasiatic related to agriculture or animal husbandry. It is very difficult to reconstruct ancient Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA) vocabulary, and still more difficult to reconstruct a common morphosyntax. rather than the subject and object. [181] Other commonalities are masculine and feminine forms used in both the second and third persons, except in Cushitic and Omotic. [13] Each of Noah's sons was traditionally presented as being the common ancestor of several apparently-related people groups, with Shem understood by the original audience as being the common ancestor of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, among others, and Ham seen as the ancestor of the Egyptians and Cushites. p-Gurunsi [99] In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages. in *n, as also in #210) 324. [30] A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of "independent" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns. ), (Berber, Eg. From the earliest times we have written records from Northern Africa. >>14700322 >Proto-Semitic language contact with PIE implies the Semitic languages themselves come from J Caucasians. [164] Identifying cognates is difficult because the languages in question are often separated by thousands of years of development and many languages within the family have long been in contact with each other, raising the possibility of loanwords. Ekoid innovation: n. 'morning' by addition of *r n. Natioro PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. Since there is written data available from this region, it is easier to reconstruct ancient roots and find common characteristics (ELL, p.51). [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. [117] Christopher Ehret proposed a five vowel system with long and short a, e, o, i, and u. Kim for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. [101] It is generally agreed that only the obstruents had a contrast between voiceless and voiced forms in Proto-Afroasiatic, whereas continuants were voiceless. Under East Semitic rose Akkadian and Babylonian. shared innovation: *isin-/*usun- 'they' (originally fem./masc. The Sumerian and Etruscan languages, usually regarded as language isolates, are thought by some to be Nostratic languages as well. ; semantics: flow out bit-by-bit), *-man-/*-mun-, *-ma-/*-mu-, *-ma-/*-mu-, (root #572 + *w inchoat. [118], Attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably. West Semitic brought forth such languages as Canaanite, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic (EL, p.906). See . [91] Typically, syllables only begin with a single consonant. The only group with an African origin is Ethiopian Semitic. *kanf-/*kinf-wing: 325. p-Jukunoid [139], Nouns cases are found in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic. [15] Mller assumed that there existed a distinct "Hamitic" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic. As the Afroasiatic languages tend to be the tongues with the longest and oldest historical record, there are not many that can beat the Proto-Afroasiatic. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. [45] Omotic is typically split into North Omotic (or Aroid) and South Omotic, with the latter more influenced by the Nilotic languages; it is unclear whether the Dizoid group of Omotic languages belongs to the Northern or Southern group. in East Africa. Pr. [140] Some languages in AA have a marked nominative alignment, a feature which may date back to Proto-Afroasiatic. Great variety is incorporated in one family and this makes Afro-Asiatic an interesting topic of study. innovation: 'send' > 'direct,' hence 'command, rule'), (Agaw *a allows PAA vowel reconstructions *a, *aa, *o, or *e), (Sem., Eg. Retard. Such evidence may reveal plants known to early Afroasiatic speakers; but it does not diagnose whether they were cultivated or wild. Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. These three groups are classified as being in Africa while Afro-Asiatic is listed under the term Eurasia (Atlas, p.74). [34] The Cushitic family is traditionally spit into four branches: the single language of Beja (c. 3 million speakers), the Agaw languages, Eastern Cushitic, and Southern Cushitic. Semitic speakers moved into the Fertile Crescent and "emerg[ed] into history" by bringing Akkadian (a Semitic language) into what is now Iraq, a previously Sumerian-speaking area (Dalby ,p6). shared innovation: *als-/*ils- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. [20], There are between 40 and 80 languages in the Semitic family. [66], Meinhof's version of the "Hamitic theory" remained prevalent until the 1940s, when it was definitively disproved by Joseph Greenberg. [140] A common pattern in AA languages with case is for the nominative to marked by -u or -i, and the accusative to be marked by -a. There are approximately 400 Afroasiatic languages, either living or recorded but extinct. xvii + 557. >I find it odd how Semitic is still Afroasiatic even though it's tied to a non-E haplogroup Egyptian and Semitic are both J. Cushitic is T and Chadic is J/R1b-V88. [153][168][h], Some AA branches have what is called a "suffix conjugation", formed by using pronominal suffixes to indicate person, gender, and number and a verbal adjective. New York: Elsevier, 1977. [196][164] Such cognates tend to rely on relatively simple sound correspondences. p-Gbaya [135] In addition to marking plurals via a number of affixes (with the suffixes -*uu/-*w and -*n(a) widely attested), several AA languages make use of internal vowel change (apophony) and/or insertion (epenthesis). [141] However, the number and types of cases varies across AA and also within the individual branches. [147][148] Berber instead contrasts between the "free state" and the "annexed state," the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions. as denom. innovation: narrowing of meaning to tr. innovation: to spoil > to sour), (Sem., Eg. [134] A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic. Some features observed in most or all Afroasiatic languages include: It remains unclear what word order Proto-Afroasiatic had. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Jalaa p-Tuu North Germanic includes Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. [186] Within the Semitic language family, Lipiski counts four different roots meaning "one".
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